| 1. | The males could not cue in on the females and mating success was extremely low .
雄虫不能对雌虫的信号发出反应，以致大大地降低了交配的可能性。 |
| 2. | The males of many species of insect have similarly elaborate genitalia
昆虫界许多物种的雄虫也有相似的精致生殖器。 |
| 3. | The females have a club - shaped posterior extremity , the male （ have ) a flatly spiralled end
雌虫有棒状后端，雄虫有扁平螺旋后端。 |
| 4. | How to distinguish male and female cockroaches : male cockroach is relatively thinner but longer , with a ventral spine and fully developed wings reaching the rear ; female has shorter wings and no ventral spine
蟑螂雌雄的区分：雄虫体形比较瘦小，细长，翅发达至尾端，具有腹刺；雌虫翅较短，无腹刺。 |
| 5. | These seem designed to compete directly against other males ? for example by scraping out the sperm of previous suitors or breaking off and blocking the female ' s genital opening
而那些生殖器从设计上就是与其他的雄虫直接竞争，例如生殖器具有能够搅烂前一个雄虫精子的作用或是能够破坏或阻塞雌虫的生殖器管道。 |
| 6. | The second male vibration signal ( smvs ) could not only stimulate female and male to give their love sound , but also gave rise to male unease and competition . male giving smvs was more competitive . smvs was often heard when many males congregated together
时域特征分析知，褐飞虱雌、雄虫求偶呜声信号的时域特性个体间差异较大，个体内不同次呜叫也有差异，但小于个体间的差异。 |
| 7. | Female courtship signal of the brown planthopper was made of many continuous regular pulses and male ' s signal was made of similar syllabics and had two types with different time domain characteristics . second male vibrational signal differed from male courtship signal with wide spectrum range and regular syllabics frequency . time domain characteristics of signals in different individuals even the same individual were different
频域特征分析知，褐飞虱雌虫求偶呜声信号的频域特性较稳定，个体内比个体间差异小；雄虫求偶呜声信号s 、 e片段频谱范围较宽，但主振频率比较接近，差异不显著； m片段频带较窄，主振频率mvf略小于s 、 e片段，变异较小； m片段脉冲重复频率prf为幻 |
| 8. | Synthesized signals with different pulse repetition frequencies ( prf ) and main vibration frequencies ( mvf ) were presented to the brown planthopper . the results showed that prf was a sensitive and important signal characteristic in mating choice . the prf and mvf sensitive ranges of male signals were 70 ~ 90hz , 200 ~ 1700hz separately , and of female signals were about 22hz , 100 ~ 300hz separately
雄虫敏感的prf范围在22hz左右，雌虫敏感的paf范围为70 90hz ，这与实际的雌、雄虫求偶鸣声的pm变化范围是一致的；雌、雄虫能对mvf变化范围较大的信号敏感，雄虫敏感的mvf范围为100 300hz ，与雌虫求偶呜声的mvf变化范围是一致的，而雌虫敏感的mvf范围为200 1700hz ，要比实际的雄虫求偶鸣声的mvf变化范围大的多。 |
| 9. | Pulse repetition frequency of middle section of male courtship signal declined from start to end , the average declining range was 4 . 0 hz . through cutting and combining to courtship signals , we found sensitive acoustic section to female was the middle part of male courtship signal and to male was female courtship signal
门）褐飞虱求偶鸣声中的敏感声学片段和敏感声学因于利用daasias对褐飞虱雌、雄虫分别口放异性求偶信号及其片段组合，结果表明：雄虫求偶呜声信号m片段是雌虫的敏感声学片段，雌虫求偶呜声即是雄虫的敏感声学片段。 |
| 10. | Fijiensis and myzus persicae ( sulzer ) . in order to investigate the influence of alternative preys on the ladybird , comparison between its alternative preys and natural prey bemisia tabaci ( gennidius ) was studied in the laboratory , and the results showed that the beetle could not oviposit when feeding exclusively on m . persicae , but the adult longevity was n ' t significantly changed compared with those feeding on natural prey
( 2 )小黑瓢虫分别以三种猎物为食时，均表现为雌虫的寿命大于雄虫的寿命， t测验表明，以蚜虫为猎物时，雌雄成虫寿命之间的差异达到极显著水平；以红蜘蛛为猎物时，雌雄成虫寿命之间无显著差异；以烟粉虱为猎物时，雌雄成虫寿命之间的差异达到显著水平。 |
