The anther is made up of an outer epidermis , a middle fibrous layer , and an inner nutritive layer , the tapetum 花药壁由外表皮层，中间纤维层，内部营养层和绒毡层构成。
2.
Tapetum ( pl . tapeta ) a food - rich layer surrounding the spore mother cells in the anthers of vascular plants 绒毡层：维管植物花粉囊内包围孢子母细胞的富含营养物质的一层结构。
3.
The anther possesses four microsparangia with its wall composed of four layers : epidermis , endothecium , middle layers and a 2 - nucleate celled tapetum . most of the antheral tapetum are in situ 单穗升麻的花药具4个小孢子囊药室，囊壁花药壁由表皮药室内壁中层和绒毡层组成。
4.
Their differences are based on many aspects which include characteristics of morphology , anatomy and epidermis of leaf , types of tapetum in anther walls , patterns of endothecial thickenings , and ways of development of endosperms , presence or absence of perisperm , components of photochemistry , and sequences of rbcl 菖蒲属与天南星科其它属在叶的形态、结构、表面特征，花药绒毡层类型，药室内壁增厚的特点，胚乳的发育方式，外胚乳的有无，植物化学成分， rbcl基因序列等多方面存在着显著的差异。
