One factor within the crown of monoecious species is the proximity of male and female flowers . 雌雄同株树种的树冠内的一个因素，就是雄花和雌花很接近。
2.
Plant monoecious : staminate flowers on obovoid or club - shaped stiff spikes , 1 . 5 - 2 cm long ; pistilate flowers in a dense globose head 雌雄同株：雄花序倒卵形或棒状，长1 . 5 - 2厘米；雌花序圆头状。
3.
Spadix rachis flat , margin with bract - like appendages ; flowers small , monoecious , in 2 series on rachis , apetalous 肉穗花序轴扁平，边缘有苞片状附属物；花小，单性，雌雄同株，呈2列排列于花序轴上，无花被。
4.
This is so because climbing plants are likely to encounter intensive - changing environmental condition during their growth ( especially change of illumination ) . secondly , there is a large proportion ( 30 - 40 % ) of climbing plants which belong to dioecism , and hence a gap between male and female plants on morphology , biological characteristic , economic value and so on . this dissertation focuses on herbaceous climbing plants , perennial or annual species such as dioecious trchosahthes kirilowii maxin and dioscorea opposita thumb , and monoecious luffa cylindrical ( l ) roem , it attempts to discover how climbing plants adapted to various environments and the mechanism of adaptation from aspects of physiological and reproductive ecologies at present , due to overuse of chlorofluorocarbons ( cfcs ) , the ozonosphere has become thinner and thinner , and the ultraviolet - b ( uv - b ) radiation has increased considerably 而攀援植物本身是一类理想的植物行为生态学研究材料：第一，攀缘植物由于受攀缘能力和支柱木资源的限制，在生长过程中通常要遇到强烈变化的环境条件(特别是光照) ；第二，攀缘植物中具有较高比例的雌雄异株类型，通常占地区攀缘植物种类的30 40左右，不同性别的植物在形态学及生物学特性、经济价值等方面存在一定的差距，因此，本文以雌雄异株攀缘植物栝楼( trchosahtheskirilowiimaxim ) (葫芦科多年生草质藤本植物)和山药( dioscoreaoppositathunb ) (薯蓣科薯蓣属植物) 、雌雄同株异花攀缘植物丝瓜[ luffacylindrical ( l ) roem ] (葫芦科一年生攀缘草本植物)为材料，试图从生理生态学及生殖生态学角度揭示攀援植物如何适应不同生境及其机理。
