Probably density-independent factors are more important at the edge of the range of a species . 可能，在某物种的分布区的边缘，非密度制约因素最为重要。
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Density - independent factor 密度无关因子
3.
In order to understand the nature of the ecologist ' s investigation ， we may think of the density - dependent effects on growth parameters as the “ signal ” ecologists are trying to isolate andinterpret ， one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones ， while the density - independent effects act to produce “ noise ” in the population dynamics 为了能理解生态学家们所从事的研究的性质，我们可以把那些作用于增长参数的密度依赖效应视作生态学家们力图将其分离并予以解释的“信号” ，正是这一信号倾向于使种群从相对较低的数值递增，或从相对较高的数值递减；而与此同时，那些密度独立效应起到的作用则构成了种群动态变化中的“噪音” 。
