| 1. | These stacks of thylakoids are called grana .
这些成堆的类囊体称为质体基粒。 |
| 2. | Periodically, the lamellae become enlarged, forming flattened, membrane-enclosed vesicles called thylakoids .
片层周期性地扩展，形成扁平的有膜为界的囊，称为类囊体。 |
| 3. | The sheetlike layers of the thylakoids are called lamellae
类囊体上的层片叫做片层。 |
| 4. | The stacks of thylakoids are called grana , which are also joined together by membranes
成堆的类囊体叫作质粒，它们之间也是由膜相连的。 |
| 5. | Inside the chloroplast is a fluid called stroma , which contains a series of flattened stacks of thylakoids
叶绿体里面是一种叫基质的液体，它含有一系列扁平的成堆的类囊体。 |
| 6. | In all plants except algae , the thylakoids overlap at intervals to form stacks , like piles of coins , called grana
在除了藻类的所有植物中，许多圆盘状的类囊体叠置成垛，称为基粒。 |
| 7. | The abundant lipid droplets were also observed in the chloroplasts with swollen thylakoids in alpine plants
另外，在这5种高山植物叶绿体中还出现了脂质小球，其类囊体均出现了不同程度的膨大现象。 |
| 8. | The metalloprotease may be involved in the turnover of the lumen and membrane proteins in thylakoids
我们预测这种蛋白酶可能参与了类囊体蛋白质的降解，并且与环境压力下光系统中蛋白质的代谢有关。 |
| 9. | At low concentration of zn , the changes in ultrastructure were nuclei deformation , chloroplast swelling and disorder of thylakoid arrangement ; serious damages in ultrastructure caused by greater zn stress were indicated by scattered nucleoli , condensed chromatin , almost empty nuclei with nuclear membrane disrupted and nucleoplasm flowing into cytoplasm , swollen and partly dissolved cristae of mitochondria , disrupted and collapsed chloroplast envelopes , and some dissolved thylakoids that flew into cytoplasm
超微结构的变化也呈现加重趋势，低浓度处理的变化为细胞核变形、叶绿体膨胀、类囊体排列紊乱；严重的超微结构的损伤是核仁散开、染色质凝集，细胞核几乎成为空核和核膜破裂，核质散出；线粒体脊突膨胀和部分溶解；叶绿体膜断裂、消失和部分类囊体溶解和散到细胞质中。 |
| 10. | Changes in chloroplast composition non - leaf organs have fewer and smaller chloroplasts than leaves . glumes and awns are organs directly exposed to light but they contain more grana per chloroplast , bigger granal stacks and more thylakoids per granal stacks and therefore their chloroplasts are more simi
4明显高于旗叶；若以放氧为标准，比较功能叶和非叶器官的光合活性，发现以叶绿素为单位，非叶器官的放氧速率与旗叶相当，或甚至高于旗叶；以单穗为单位，最高可相当于旗叶的28 。 |
