| 1. | When the uncinectomy has been completed , the maxillary sinus ostium can usually be easily identified
当钩突切除术完成后，一般即可很容易发现上颌窦口。 |
| 2. | This should bring into view the opening of the maxillary sinus and facilitate subsequent maxillary sinus meatotomy
这时可以看到上颌窦的开口，并为进一步的上颌窦口扩大术提供便利。 |
| 3. | In cases where the posterior fontanel is identified , the division between the natural ostium and the fontanel should be resected to allow free communication between the two
如果确定有前卤存在，应该将前卤和上颌窦口之间的间隔切除，使两者相通。 |
| 4. | The opening into the maxillary sinus is probed with a curved suction , and any disease or secretions are removed . the meatotomy is then completed using retrograde forceps
用弯吸引器经窦口插入上颌窦内，以清除窦内病变和脓性分泌物，再用反张钳完成上颌窦口扩大术。 |
| 5. | The anterior face of the middle turbinate is incised and the concha bullosa identified . it is then sectioned vertically with straight scissors up to its posterior limit . the lateral portion is then removed , opening the region of the middle meatus
从中鼻甲的前面切入后识别并用直剪垂直分开泡性鼻甲至其后界，接着移去泡性鼻甲的侧面，暴露中鼻道，此时可以即可显示窦口鼻道复合体的结构。 |
| 6. | Subtle changes , such as polyps in the early stages , can easily be identified . purulent secretions are seen streaming here from the maxillary sinus ostium posteriorally towards the nasopharynx . posteriorally , medial to the tail of the middle turbinate , the ostium of the sphenoid sinus may be identified
能很容易的发现类似早期息肉等微小的病变，还可以显示脓性分泌物从上颌窦口向后流向鼻咽部和后方的中鼻甲的后段和蝶窦的开口。 |
| 7. | The uncinate process is incised with a sharpened freer elevator , beginning from its superior portion and taking care to section both the anterior and posterior segments . the cut is brought down vertically , medializing the uncinate process as the dissection progresses
上颌窦口扩大术前应进行钩突切除术，先用尖的剥离器从钩突上部切入钩突，再垂直向下切开钩突粘膜，切开的同时将钩突内移，在钩突从垂直转为横向的平面，切口转向水平并向后，则可将钩突切除。 |
| 8. | The device is used to debride polyps intranasally until normal structures can be identified . uncinectomy and maxillary meatotomy are then performed in the usual fashion , using conventional instruments . the ethmoid is entered with the tip of the blade and dissection performed posteriorly , remaining low in the ethmoid until the basal lamella is penetrated and the posterior ethmoid is entered
通常用旋切刀来清除鼻内息肉直达正常的组织，然后用传统器械进行钩突切除和上颌窦窦口扩大，再用刀尖进入筛窦，向后低位切除，至穿透中鼻甲基板而进入后组筛窦。 |
| 9. | Results : the causes of recurrent nasal polyps were incomplete remove of the upper nasal cavity in 13 , adhesion of the middle turbinat in 12 , obstruction of the maxillary sinus in 4 , incomplete section of the polyps in maxillary sinus in 3 , the deviation of the upper nasal septum in 3 and unknown in 3
结果：因鼻腔上部处理不彻底引起复发者13例，中鼻甲息肉及中鼻甲外粘连至复发者12例，上颌窦口阻塞引起者4例，上颌窦内息肉未摘除干净者3例，高位鼻中隔偏曲未行矫正阻塞中鼻道引起复发者3例，其他原因者3例。 |
| 10. | In order to have a patent functional ostia , dissection within the duct itself should be kept as minimal as possible . the frontal ostia should be probed gently with a curved , olive tip suction , and the direction of the ostia should be ascertained . continued post - operative patency is usually assured when one can easily introduce an olive
为了获得一个不闭塞的功能性窦口，应尽可能减少额窦开口导管的切除，用一个弯橄榄头的吸引器探入额窦开口并注意开口的方向，开口内能容纳一个吸引器头的空间一般可以保证手术后窦口的通畅。 |
