The wedding cake is regarded as the epitome of the baker ' s art 婚礼蛋糕被认为是面包师技艺的凝华所在。
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The hydrometeors and its sources are smaller than those of heavy rainfalls 雪的产生来源于水汽凝华和与冰晶碰并。
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Release of silver iodide ( agi ) into an existing supercooled cloud ( i . e . , air temperature between - 39 and - 5 celsius ) can convert water vapor to ice crystals , which is called sublimation 将碘化银播洒至已形成的过冷却云中（既空气温度在- 39摄氏度? - 5摄氏度）能将水汽转化为冰晶，这个转化过程被称为凝华。
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Abstract : the paper presents a experimental study on thermal conductivity of frost formation through sublimation of water vapor . the experinmentals shows the results in reference 4 is curect 文摘:实验研究水蒸汽凝华结霜过程中在冷壁面上形成的霜层的导热系数，并以此验证作者曾提出的霜层导热系数的理论结果
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Abstract : the paper presents a theoretical study on the thermal conductivity of frost formation on cooled flat plate under forced convection . taking the porous meditum as a physical model of frost layer , according to the theories of heat and mass transfer , the formula on heat conductivty of frost formation is derived 文摘:研究水蒸汽凝华结霜过程在冷壁上形成的霜层的导热系数，依据随机管子多孔介质霜层模型，假设霜层是由孔隙空间与冰晶骨架构成的多孔介质，其中孔隙空间由随机毛细管及连接管子的接头形成，湿空气中的水蒸汽在霜层的孔隙空间中扩散输运并凝华结霜，根据传热传质学理论，导出霜层导热系数关系式。
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The paper works out the ice crystal spectrum distributing in the different macroscopic and micro - backgroud of the cloud ( ie , the thickness , the temperature and the supersaturation with respect to ice of the nucleation layer ) . this paper also works out the amount of catalyst which is allowed in the cloud nucleation layer according to the different quantity of the supercooled water , the density of the supersaturation of the vapor with respect to ice . simultaneously , the paper discusses the i nfluence of remaining time when seeding artificial ice nucleus in the different ascending - velocity and altitude , and elicits the proper seeding altitude of the catalyst 以此解为依据，得出了不同均流时，人工引入冰核在核化层存留时间，再以此时间作为人工冰核凝华增长时间，求出不同的云宏微观背景(如核化层厚度、温度、冰面过饱和度等)下的冰晶谱分布，经和实际资料比对符合相当好。进而求出核化层中不同过冷水量、冰面过饱和水汽密度下云核化层可允许的催化用量。同时讨论了不同升速，不同高度引入人工冰核时对其存留时间的影响。
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If the cold plate temperature is higher than a certain critical value , for instance , - 12 c under our observed experimental conditions , the higher the air relative humidity is , the bigger the water droplets concreting on the cold plate , and the later the water droplets froze . however , if the cold plate temperature is lower than a certain critical value , the influence of air relative humidity on the frozen time of water droplets was not observed . if the cold plate temperature is higher than a certain critical value , for example , - 20 c under our observed experimental conditions , frost deposition is through condensation , or condensation frosting 结果表明,冷壁面温度越低,水珠冻结时间越短,且冻结的冰珠越小;当冷壁面温度高于某一临界值,譬如,在我们给定的实验条件下, - 12 c时,空气相对湿度越大,冷壁面上凝结的水珠越大,水珠冻结越晚,但当冷壁面温度较低时,几乎观察不到空气相对湿度对水珠冻结时间的影响;冷壁面温度高于某一临界值,譬如,在我们给定的实验条件下, - 20 c时,发生凝结成霜,冷面温度低于这一临界值时,发生凝华成霜;随着实验工况的不同,观察到的霜晶呈现八种不同的形态。
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During winter nights and under clear skies , the ground surface is cooled rapidly by radiating heat off to space . the air temperature near the ground will also fall and when the grass temperature drops below zero degrees celsius , hoar frost will form by direct sublimation of water vapour onto the grass surface 在冬天的晚上，如果天气晴朗，地面的热量会透过辐射快速散失，贴近地面的空气也同时降温，当草面温度降到摄氏零度以下时，空气里的水蒸气便会在草面凝华成为白茫茫的霜。
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The width of raindrop size distribution in the warm area was narrow and its shape was single model . simulating results of one - dimension stratus model showed that the content of cloud water that grew up by deposition process was the largest in the warm area , and cloud water existed between 2km and 6km . in the warm area , the formation of rain water which existed between 1km and 4km was behind of the formation of cloud water , and the development of rainwater was depend on collecting cloud water 一维层状云模式模拟结果表明，暖区以凝华增长的云水为主，云水分布在2 6km高度；雨水在云水形成后产生，分布在1 4km之间，主要通过碰并云水增长；霰在雨水形成后产生，主要通过碰并云水增长，分布在云水区的中下层，霰形成后，雨水主要由霰融化产生。
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Rain water is produced mainly by three processes : melting of graupel , collection of cloud water by rain , and conversion of cloud water into rain . cloud water is the most important source of graupel . for snow , collection of ice by snow , collection of rain by ice and depositional growth of snow are the main sources 雨水主要来源于冰相粒子的融化、雨水和云水碰并以及云水自动转换；冰相粒子与云水、雨水的碰冻是产生霰的主要微物理因子；与冰晶的碰并、冰相粒子和雨水的碰冻以及水汽凝华过程是产生雪的主要源项。
