虚荷载 meaning in English

dummy load
fictitious load
fietitious load
imaginary load (ing)
imaginary loading

2 . for the problem with size , stress and displacement constraints , the stress constraint is transformed into movable lower bounds of sizes , the displacement constraint is transformed into an approximate function which explicitly includes design variables by using mohr integral theory . a mathematical programming model of the optimization problem is set up . the dual programming of the model is approached into a quadratic programming model
2 .对于尺寸、应力和位移约束的问题，将应力约束化为动态下限，用单位虚荷载方法将位移约束近似显式化，构造优化问题的数学规划模型，将其对偶规划处理为二次规划问题，采用lemke算法进行求解，得到满足尺寸、应力和位移约束条件的截面最优解。