沉淀成本 meaning in English
sunk cost
Examples
- Peasants investment , sunk costs and institutional arrangement
沉淀成本与制度安排 - Economists call this a sunk cost
经济学家们将这种现象叫做”沉淀成本” 。 - Further research manifested that the postal industry accords with the three terms of the theory of competitive market totally . firstly , new competitors are in equal and symmetrical status with existing operators ; secondly , without precipitate cost , entry and withdraw cost from market is zero ; thirdly , it can implement entry strategy of knock into and run "
笔者进一步研究发现，邮政业完全符合可竞争市场理论的三个条件，即：第一，新的进入者(竞争者)和既有的经营者之间处于平等而对称的地位；第二，不存在沉淀成本，即进入和退出市场的成本为零；第三，可实行“撞了就跑”的进入战略。 - The paper incorporate closely the exchange rate pass - through and it ’ s behavior in short term . incomplete exchange rate pass - through is an important assumption of exchange rate overshooting and exchange rate overshooting is the background of our disscuss on the degree of exchange rate pass - through . the paper has following conclusion : 1 . the main determination of the degree of exchange rate pass - through : the exchange rate elasticity of marginal cost , the sensitivity of mark - up ratio to exporting price , pricing game between the competitior , enterprice innovation and it ’ s efficiecy , mecu cost , sunk cost . 2 . there are distinct differences of degree of exchange rate pass - through among industries
本文将汇率的传递弹性与汇率的波动行为紧密结合,汇率的不完全传递是汇率短期超调行为的重要前提假设,而汇率的波动行为又是本文探讨汇率传递弹性的研究背景,主要的结论有: 1 、汇率传递弹性的主要决定因素有:厂商边际成本的汇率弹性和成本加成率对出口价格的敏感度、同一市场不同竞争者价格的博弈行为、企业创新投入及其创新效率、菜单成本(价格调整成本) 、沉淀成本(退出市场的机会成本) 。 - With the trend of openness and integration of globlal economy , exchange rate is playing more and more important role in influencing the allocation of global resources . the sensitivity of the price of tradale goods to exchange rate fluctuation becomes the focus of international economics because it is a critical vector and transmitter when an economy is confronted of exogenous impact . traditional international economics theory assume that nominal exchange rate fluctuation has complete pass - through effect , namely it ’ s change will introduce proportional change of tradable goods , then it will influence such macroeconomic vector as term of trade , import and export , inflation , employment , productivity , income allocation , and so on . from a microeconomic angle , including pricing to market , innovative behavior , menu cost and sunk cost , the paper probe into the pricing model of international enterprices under floating exchange rate and testify the incomplete pass - through of exchange rate and it ’ s detailed reason , then discuss the inspiration it has on china . it ’ s believable this kind of research will play a big part in china ’ s exchange rate scheme and some macroeconomic problems such as exchange rate tranmitting channel and effects , exchange rate fluctuating behavior
传统的国际经济学理论认为,名义汇率的波动具有完全的传递性( completepass - through ) ,即它的变化会引起同比例的进出口贸易品相对价格以及贸易品和非贸易品相对价格的变化,然后通过需求变动的支出转移效应( expenditureswitching )来影响国内经济的诸多宏观变量,如贸易条件、进出口贸易额、通胀水平、就业量、劳动生产率以及收入分配等,本文从依市定价( pricingtomarket ) 、创新行为、菜单成本以及沉淀成本等四个不同的微观角度,通过对浮动汇率下国际垄断竞争性生产厂商的定价模型具体而透彻的探讨,论证了汇率的不完全传递性并深入分析了决定汇率传递弹性的重要影响因素,阐述了该理论对人民币汇率的启示,这样的研究会对我国今后的汇率政策以及汇率的传导机制、传导效应、波动行为等宏观经济问题起到重要的作用。