分包制 meaning in English

partial contract

Since the mid 19 ( superscript th ) century , the sub - contracting system had been reformed in some ways , but these reforms didn ' t ultimately transform the miserable experiences of the railway laborers
在19世纪中期后，尽管对分包制进行了局部改革，但这些改革都未能从根本上改变分包制下筑路工人的不幸遭遇。
Merger , alliance , resourcing , virtual firm , supply chains " integration , transportation chains " integration and so on , which are applied in different situations , are the forms of micro - integration that started from the firm ' s becoming
微观上的一体化是从企业的形成开始，后来发展到企业的并购、联盟、分包制以及虚拟企业、供应链一体化和运输链一体化等各种形式。它们各有特点，适合于不同的场合。
The author reviewed the working and living conditions of the railway laborers in major constructing systems - the sub - contracting system , compared them with the workers in the factories , and explored that it was the lack of the systems of discipline and credit that led to their unique experiences and much suffering
本文通过考察筑路工人在主要铁路修建体制分包制中的工作与生活状况，并对比工厂制中雇佣工人的相关情况，认为规训机制与信用体制的缺乏正是造成他们独特境遇和种种不幸的主要因素。